Training Systems and Sustainable Orchard Management for European Pear (Pyrus communis L.) in the Mediterranean Area: A Review

In 2018, 23.2 Mt of pears were produced in the world across 1.3 million hectares (ha) cultivated land. This review analyzes different training systems and management styles that have been adopted worldwide, emphasizing European pear’s economic environmental sustainability for Mediterranean area cultivation. Despite a reduced number cultivars utilized around world, pear presents plethora innovative systems. Europe, dwarfing rootstocks led to planting distances subsequent increase density. Still, these is now questionable. Many quince made it possible considerably reduce size tree introduce concept continuous row planting, with orchards from ground (i.e., pedestrian orchard). The distance must be chosen according soil fertility, vigor grafting combination, system. dramatically affects pruning soil, fertilization, irrigation. reduction also lowers volume spray necessary when applying pesticides. variability yield worldwide results interaction amongst cultivar/rootstock/training system/climate/management.